Face masks and plexiglass shields have become the norm at hair salons and retail stores, but new coronavirus cases continue to surge.
Sarah Tew/CNETThe coronavirus pandemic's US death toll is nearly 155,000 people, greater than the entire European Union combined and orders of magnitude higher than the COVID-19 death toll in most countries around the world. Hotspot states like California and Florida are setting records, and Melbourne, Australia, is facing another lockdown. So what happens when flu season arrives? Speaking to Congress on July 31, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said he remains "cautiously optimistic" that the US will have a safe and effective vaccine by the start of 2021.
Earlier in July, Fauci said the US is still "knee deep" in the first wave because confirmed case numbers haven't dropped far enough for long enough to squash the initial outbreak.
But there could be an even bigger threat looming. "The real risk is that we're going to have two circulating respiratory pathogens at the same time," Dr. Robert Redfield, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, warned when he spoke to Time Magazine regarding the upcoming flu season.
We take a look at what doctors and scientists have to say about a second wave of the coronavirus, including how it might relate to the current spike in new cases as well as what experts predict for the fall and winter. Please note: This story provides an overview of the current discussion and is updated frequently in light of new and changing information provided by health officials, global leaders and the scientific community. It isn't intended as a medical reference.
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Global coronavirus pandemic: The latest news
- As the death rate continues to climb to record highs in some states, 21 are now considered "red zones."
- In almost half of US states, new cases have finally leveled off and, in some areas, actually started trending down.
- The Midwest could soon see a surge of coronavirus cases, according to Fauci, who identified Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky and Tennessee as the next potential hotspots during a July interview with Good Morning America.
- Total historical US coronavirus cases are now surpassed 4.5 million at the end of July, including over 2 million active cases.
- Statewide lockdown measures vary tremendously across the US, with about a third of states pausing reopening, a third reversing course and a third fully or almost fully reopened.
Reopening the economy has put people in closer contact with one another, but not everyone chooses to wear a face mask in public.
Sarah Tew/CNETIf we're still in the first wave, when will a second wave happen?
First wave? Second wave? Forget them, according to Dr. Michael T. Osterholm, the director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the University of Minnesota. He told MarketWatch the wave theory doesn't apply here. "We've never had a pandemic due to coronavirus before," he said. In other words, expect the unexpected.
Experts believe the first wave would end when the rate of positive coronavirus tests drops to "the low single digits," Fauci said in June. Basically, you can't have a second wave until cases and deaths from the first wave drop close to zero for a sustained period of time. If cases spike again after that point, that's a bona fide second wave.
Several countries in Asia that had successfully beat back the coronavirus to single-digit numbers have begun seeing new cases again, leading some to consider the current trend in Hong Kong, Vietnam, South Korea and China a true second wave.
The World Health Organization, however, continues to sidestep the term "second wave," choosing to focus less on how the pandemic's inflection points are labeled and more on what steps countries need to take to reverse course toward fewer cases and deaths.
Although some have blamed the rise in new cases on expanded testing, positivity rates are rising faster than testing alone can account for.
James Martin/CNETWhy do coronavirus cases go up and down so much?
At one point, about 90% of everyone in the US was under some sort of lockdown order and the curve was starting to flatten. But that all began to change in the second half of April, when a few states started loosening lockdown restrictions. By June, most of the country had almost fully reopened. Not long after, new cases began to surge once again.
Epidemiologists are starting to identify a correlation between lockdown and case levels. Basically, wherever you look, cases drop when lockdown orders are issued -- and shoot back up right after restrictions start lifting. The only thing that seems to disrupt the trend is how well an area's population adheres to disease prevention measures like wearing face masks and limiting social gatherings.
In July, CDC director Redfield said, "I think if we could get everybody [in the US] to wear a mask right now, I think in four, six, eight weeks we could bring this epidemic under control."
Why are experts worried about coronavirus in the fall?
Most public health experts -- including Fauci and Redfield -- have said they anticipate a big uptick to happen this fall and winter. The White House has admitted it's preparing for the possibility. However, part of that prediction was based on the assumption that the virus would slow down over the summer, which appears not to be happening.
Much of the attention aimed at fall has now shifted to concern over the possibility of two potentially lethal viruses circulating at the same time -- COVID-19 and the seasonal flu, the latter of which kills around 40,000 people in the US per year. Because of certain overlapping symptoms such as fever and a cough, it may be harder for individuals and doctors to immediately determine which infection you have.
As fall approaches, so does flu season, which experts warn could complicate the public health response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Andrew Hoyle/CNETIf severe COVID-19 infections continue to push hospitals to the brink of their capacity and abilities, it may also be harder to care for potentially virulent flu patients.
The CDC is nudging drug manufacturers to produce millions more doses of flu vaccine this year than usual in anticipation of greater demand. Typically, fewer than half of all US adults take the flu vaccine in any given year, but that rate increases to about two out of three for adults over 65, a population the CDC has identified as being at a higher risk for more severe COVID-19 infections.Are we headed for another lockdown?
Are we headed for another lockdown?
Health experts, including Fauci and Dr. Ali Khan, the former director of the CDC's public health preparedness office, have said that it's possible to avoid a full lockdown, but there are conditions.
States must effectively test for coronavirus and follow that testing up with contact tracing. And people must change their behavior to make social distancing and mask wearing part of daily life. Only then would it be possible to flatten the curve without having to revert back to a full-blown lockdown. Otherwise, as new cases continue to skyrocket, "your only option is to shut down," Khan said.
A yo-yo effect of reopening and closing is possible until a vaccine is distributed.
Jessica Dolcourt/CNETMore than likely, we will see various levels of lockdown come and go in different areas, depending on where the virus flares up and dies down, until we find a coronavirus vaccine. Even then, however, we might not be in the clear just yet.
"We will be dealing with this virus forever. Effective and safe vaccines and hopefully ones with some durability will be very important, even critical tools, in fighting it," Osterholm said. "But the whole world is going to be experiencing COVID-19 'til the end of time."
For more on the coronavirus, here's what's happening with coronavirus vaccine development, what to do if you or someone you live with gets COVID-19 and how to vacation safely during coronavirus this summer.
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